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Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator Dielectric Constant (εr): Operating Frequency (GHz): Dielectric Thickness (mm): Calculate Results Width (W): - mm Length (L): - mm

Meander Line Calculator Meander Line Calculator Formulas Used: 1. Free-Space Wavelength (λ₀): \( \lambda_0 = \frac{c}{f} \) where \( c \) is the speed of light (\( 3 \times 10^8 \) m/s) and \( f \) is the frequency in Hz. 2. Effective Permittivity (εeff): \( \varepsilon_{eff} = \frac{\varepsilon_r + 1}{2} + \frac{\varepsilon_r - 1}{2} \times \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + 12 \frac{h}{W}}} \right) \) where \( \varepsilon_r \) is the relative permittivity of the substrate, \( h \) is the substrate thickness, and \( W \) is the meander line width. 3. Guided Wavelength (λg): \( \lambda_g = \frac{\lambda_0}{\sqrt{\varepsilon_{eff}}} \) 4. Meander Line Length (L_guided): \( L_{guided} = \frac{\lambda_g}{2} \) 5....

Beamwidths and Side lobe levels In addition to  directivity , the  radiation patterns of antennas  are also characterized by their beamwidths and sidelobe levels (if applicable). These concepts can be easily illustrated. Consider the radiation pattern given by: This pattern is actually fairly easy to generate using  Antenna Arrays , as will be seen in that section. The 3-dimensional view of this radiation pattern is given in Figure 1. Figure 1. 3D Radiation Pattern. The polar (polar angle measured off of z-axis) plot is given by: Figure 2. Polar Radiation Pattern. The  main beam  is the region around the direction of maximum radiation (usually the region that is within 3 dB of the peak of the main beam). The main beam in Figure 2 is centered at 90 degrees. The  sidelobes  are smaller beams that are away from the main beam. These sidelobes are usually radiation in undesired directions which can never be completely eliminated. The sidelobes in Figur...

  Radiation Pattern A  radiation pattern  defines the variation of the power radiated by an antenna as a function of the direction away from the antenna. This power variation as a function of the arrival angle is observed in the antenna's  far field . As an example, consider the 3-dimensional radiation pattern in Figure 1, plotted in  decibels (dB)  . Figure 1. Example radiation pattern for an Antenna (generated with FEKO software). This is an example of a donut shaped or toroidal radiation pattern. In this case, along the z-axis, which would correspond to the radiation directly overhead the antenna, there is very little power transmitted. In the x-y plane (perpendicular to the z-axis), the radiation is maximum. These plots are useful for visualizing which directions the antenna radiates. Typically, because it is simpler, the radiation patterns are plotted in 2-d. In this case, the patterns are given as "slices" through the 3d plane. The same pattern in Fig...

Frequency: Frequency is one of the most important concepts in the universe and to antenna theory, which we will see. But fortunately, it isn't too complicated. Beginner Level (or preliminaries): Antennas function by transmitting or receiving electromagnetic (EM) waves. Examples of these electromagnetic waves include the light from the sun and the waves received by your cell phone or radio. Your eyes are basically "receiving antennas" that pick up electromagnetic waves that are of a particular frequency. The colors that you see (red, green, blue) are each waves of different frequencies that your eyes can detect. All electromagnetic waves propagate at the same speed in air or in space. This speed (the speed of light) is roughly 671 million miles per hour (1 billion kilometers per hour). This is roughly a million times faster than the speed of sound (which is about 761 miles per hour at sea level). The speed of light will be denoted as c in the equations that follow. We like...

 MIMO Antenna Parameters  Understanding MIMO Antenna Parameters: A Comprehensive Guide The rise of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems has revolutionized wireless communication by enhancing data rates, improving reliability, and optimizing system performance. Key parameters such as the Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), Channel Capacity Loss (CCL), Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), and Diversity Gain (DG) serve as critical metrics in evaluating and optimizing MIMO antennas. Let’s dive into these parameters and understand their significance in antenna design. CLICK THIS LINK FOR MIMO ANTENNA CODE ON GITHUB                                (OR)      https://github.com/brsanjeevadharsh/mimoantenna/tree/main Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) In single-antenna systems, the return loss is often the primary metric for evaluating antenna performance. However, ...

Circular Patch Antenna Calculator Circular Patch Antenna Calculator Theory about Circular Patch Antennas: Structure: A circular patch antenna consists of a thin metallic disk (patch) mounted on a dielectric substrate. Operating Principle: It radiates electromagnetic waves when fed with RF energy. Key Parameters: Frequency (f): The operating frequency, typically in GHz. Dielectric Constant (εr): Indicates how well the substrate material can store electrical energy. Substrate Thickness (h): Affects bandwidth and efficiency. Patch Radius (a): Can be calculated using the formula: a ≈ F / √(1 + (2 * h * logTerm) / (π * εr * F)) For more details on calculating microstrip line parameters, refer to the EM Talk Mi...

Circular Loop Antenna Calculator Circular Loop Antenna Calculator Loop Antenna: A loop antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a loop or coil of wire, tubing, or other electrical conductor, usually fed by a balanced source or feeding a balanced load. Loop antennas are often used in direction finding and have applications in radio broadcasting and wireless communication systems. Types of Loop Antennas: Small Loop Antenna: Used for reception and is electrically small compared to the wavelength. Large Loop Antenna: Its circumference is comparable to the wavelength of the signal it transmits or receives. Formula for Circular Loop Antenna: The radius of a circular loop antenna is calculated using the formula: r = c / (2πf) Where: r = radius...

Parallel Plate Capacitor Parallel Plate Capacitor Capacitance is the ability of a system to store an electric charge. The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is calculated using the formula: C = ε₀ * εr * A / d, where: ε₀ is the permittivity of free space (8.854 x 10⁻¹² F/m) εr is the relative permittivity of the dielectric material A is the area of the plates (constant: 400 mm²) d is the distance between the plates (constant: 2 mm) Relative Permittivity (εr): Area of Plates (A) in m²: Distance Between Plates (d) in m: Calculate Capacitance

Wavelength Calculator (in mm) Wavelength Calculator (in mm) Wavelength and Frequency: The wavelength of a wave is the distance between two consecutive points that are in phase, such as two consecutive peaks or troughs. It is inversely related to frequency, meaning that as the frequency increases, the wavelength decreases. Formula for Wavelength: The wavelength is calculated using the formula: λ = c / f Half line wavelength = λ/2. Quarter line wavelength = λ/4. Half-line wavelength is used to maintain the distance between two successive elements in an antenna array. Where: λ is the wavelength. c is the speed of light (approximately 299,792,458 meters per second). f is the frequency . The calculator below will pr...